Hugo Claus
(Belgium, 1929 - 2008)
Hugo Claus was the wonder boy of Flemish literature for more than half a century. Apart from being an extraordinarily productive and highly regarded poet, he was an equally productive and regarded writer of stories, novels, film scripts, libretti and plays, as well as a stage and film director, an artist and a translator. He wrote more than a hundred literary works, with which he won more than forty literary prizes. His extreme versatility earned him the nickname ‘the Wizard’. For the kaleidoscopic diversity of his output he was dubbed the ‘Proteus of Dutch letters’.
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His poetic output, running to over 1,300 pages, is a plethora of forms, styles, themes, even poetics. He once said in an interview: ‘It’s like the swing of a pendulum, a process of mutual fertilisation. After a collection of difficult poems has come out, you can count on the next one being a carnival.’
Hugo Claus made his début as a poet in 1947 in a rather traditional manner, with a volume of confessional poetry, which he published on his own. In Paris in the early 1950s he came into contact with existentialism and surrealism, and with artists of the CoBrA group, such as Asger Jorn and Karel Appel. In Paris he also met some of the Dutch experimentalist poets of the Vijftigers group: Gerrit Kouwenaar, Lucebert and Remco Campert. Immersed in ‘the cult of the spontaneous’ he produced several volumes of experimental verse, of which De Oostakkerse gedichten (Poems of Oostakker, 1955), is generally rated highest.
From about 1960 Claus began to allow more of the outside world and current events to enter into his poetry, witness the outspoken social involvement in volumes such as De geverfde ruiter (The Painted Horseman, 1961) or Van horen zeggen (Hearsay, 1970). With social involvement came a growing interest in the (literary) past: references to and quotations from other poets became more frequent and overt, for example in Het teken van de hamster (The Sign of the Hamster, 1963), as did his use of historical and encyclopædic sources. A fine illustration of the latter is his volume about the fifteenth-century Flemish painter Hugo van der Goes, Heer Everzwijn (Mister Boar, 1970). He also ‘rewrote’ some of Shakespeare’s and Dante’s poetry (Sonnetten, 1988) and classic Sanskrit verse (‘Nu nog’ in Alibi, 1985).
His later collections, De sporen (Traces, 1996) and Wreed Geluk (Cruel Happiness, 1999) display his full poetic range: next to moving autobiographical poems such as ‘Broer’ (Brother) and ‘Oostende’ (Ostend) there are complex, intertextual ‘rewrites’ and text montages, satirical occasional poems, doggerel rhymes and poems commenting on other poems, or on a photograph or work of art. All the themes from his earlier work – time, motion, transience, consciousness, corporality, sexuality, language and tradition, return. The jury awarding him the Netherlands’ most prestigious poetry prize, the VSB Prize, in 1994, spoke of ‘impressive, many-voiced poetry, generous, rich, unhampered by conventions of fashion or good taste’.
Hugo Claus made his début as a poet in 1947 in a rather traditional manner, with a volume of confessional poetry, which he published on his own. In Paris in the early 1950s he came into contact with existentialism and surrealism, and with artists of the CoBrA group, such as Asger Jorn and Karel Appel. In Paris he also met some of the Dutch experimentalist poets of the Vijftigers group: Gerrit Kouwenaar, Lucebert and Remco Campert. Immersed in ‘the cult of the spontaneous’ he produced several volumes of experimental verse, of which De Oostakkerse gedichten (Poems of Oostakker, 1955), is generally rated highest.
From about 1960 Claus began to allow more of the outside world and current events to enter into his poetry, witness the outspoken social involvement in volumes such as De geverfde ruiter (The Painted Horseman, 1961) or Van horen zeggen (Hearsay, 1970). With social involvement came a growing interest in the (literary) past: references to and quotations from other poets became more frequent and overt, for example in Het teken van de hamster (The Sign of the Hamster, 1963), as did his use of historical and encyclopædic sources. A fine illustration of the latter is his volume about the fifteenth-century Flemish painter Hugo van der Goes, Heer Everzwijn (Mister Boar, 1970). He also ‘rewrote’ some of Shakespeare’s and Dante’s poetry (Sonnetten, 1988) and classic Sanskrit verse (‘Nu nog’ in Alibi, 1985).
His later collections, De sporen (Traces, 1996) and Wreed Geluk (Cruel Happiness, 1999) display his full poetic range: next to moving autobiographical poems such as ‘Broer’ (Brother) and ‘Oostende’ (Ostend) there are complex, intertextual ‘rewrites’ and text montages, satirical occasional poems, doggerel rhymes and poems commenting on other poems, or on a photograph or work of art. All the themes from his earlier work – time, motion, transience, consciousness, corporality, sexuality, language and tradition, return. The jury awarding him the Netherlands’ most prestigious poetry prize, the VSB Prize, in 1994, spoke of ‘impressive, many-voiced poetry, generous, rich, unhampered by conventions of fashion or good taste’.
Last updated: Aug 13, 2009
© Image: Pieter Vandermeer
[Hugo Claus took part in the Poetry International Festival Rotterdam 1999. This biography has been adapted from a text written on that occasion.]
Selective bibliography of poetry in Dutch
Zonder vorm van proces, (Without form of process), 1950.
De Oostakkerse gedichten (The Poems of Oostakker), 1955.
De geverfde ruiter (The Painted Horseman), 1961.
Het teken van de hamster (The sign of the Hamster), 1963.
Van horen zeggen (Hearsay), 1970.
Heer Everzwijn (Mister Boar), 1970.
Alibi, 1985.
Sonnetten (Sonnets), 1988.
De Sporen (Traces), 1993.
Wreed Geluk (Cruel Happiness) 1999.
Selective translations of poetry in English
Selected poems, 1953-1973. Portree : Aquila Poetry, 1986.
The sign of the hamster. Leuven : Leuvense Schrijversaktie (European Series 65), 1986.
Greetings – Selected poems. New York: Harcourt Brace, 2005.
Landscape with Rowers – Anthology of Dutch Poetry. Edited and translated by J.M. Coetzee. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2003.
French
Poèmes, Editions des Artistes and Paris: Mercure de France, Bruxelles, 1965
Traces, Editions L’Age d’Homme, Lausanne, 1994
Poèmes, Editions L’Age d’Homme, Lausanne, 1998
Cruel bonheur, Le Castor Astral, Bordeaux, 2003
German
Die Spuren: Ausgewählte Gedichte, Kleinheinrich, Münster 1994
Gedichte, Klett-Cotta, Stuttgart, 2000
Spanish
Cruel felicidad, Hiperión, Madrid, 2005
Hugo Claus has also been translated into Bulgarian, Chinese, Danish, Finnish, Greek, Hungarian, Italian, Japanese, Norwegian, Polish, Portuguese, Romanian, Russian, Serbo-Croatian, Spanish and Swedish. For a complete list of translations see Clauscentrum.
Literary Prizes
Leo J. Kryns-Prize (1950)
Ark-Prize (1955)
Belgian State Prize for Literature (1965)
Henriette Roland Holst-Prize (1967)
Belgian State Prize for Literature (1971)
Belgian State Prize for Literature (1973)
Belgian State Prize for Literature (1979)
Constantijn Huygens-Prize (1984)
Belgian State Prize for Literature (1986)
VSB Poetry Prize (1994)
Royal Prize of Dutch Literature 1986/1996)
Prize for European Poetry (2001)
Book Prize for European Communication (2003)
Links
The Clauscentrum at the University of Antwerp is a research centre on the works of Hugo Claus. The website includes articles in several languages on Claus and a complete bibliography of Claus’ works in Dutch and in translation (In Dutch).
De Bezige Bij, the publisher of Hugo Claus for over fifty years, has an interesting website with an overview of all the poets in their catalogue. The website includes audio and video files and images of all the poetry books (In Dutch).
Hugo Claus on Lyrikline (In English).
Translator Paul Vincent looks back at the life and works of Hugo Claus (In English).
Selective bibliography of poetry in Dutch
Zonder vorm van proces, (Without form of process), 1950.
De Oostakkerse gedichten (The Poems of Oostakker), 1955.
De geverfde ruiter (The Painted Horseman), 1961.
Het teken van de hamster (The sign of the Hamster), 1963.
Van horen zeggen (Hearsay), 1970.
Heer Everzwijn (Mister Boar), 1970.
Alibi, 1985.
Sonnetten (Sonnets), 1988.
De Sporen (Traces), 1993.
Wreed Geluk (Cruel Happiness) 1999.
Selective translations of poetry in English
Selected poems, 1953-1973. Portree : Aquila Poetry, 1986.
The sign of the hamster. Leuven : Leuvense Schrijversaktie (European Series 65), 1986.
Greetings – Selected poems. New York: Harcourt Brace, 2005.
Landscape with Rowers – Anthology of Dutch Poetry. Edited and translated by J.M. Coetzee. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2003.
French
Poèmes, Editions des Artistes and Paris: Mercure de France, Bruxelles, 1965
Traces, Editions L’Age d’Homme, Lausanne, 1994
Poèmes, Editions L’Age d’Homme, Lausanne, 1998
Cruel bonheur, Le Castor Astral, Bordeaux, 2003
German
Die Spuren: Ausgewählte Gedichte, Kleinheinrich, Münster 1994
Gedichte, Klett-Cotta, Stuttgart, 2000
Spanish
Cruel felicidad, Hiperión, Madrid, 2005
Hugo Claus has also been translated into Bulgarian, Chinese, Danish, Finnish, Greek, Hungarian, Italian, Japanese, Norwegian, Polish, Portuguese, Romanian, Russian, Serbo-Croatian, Spanish and Swedish. For a complete list of translations see Clauscentrum.
Literary Prizes
Leo J. Kryns-Prize (1950)
Ark-Prize (1955)
Belgian State Prize for Literature (1965)
Henriette Roland Holst-Prize (1967)
Belgian State Prize for Literature (1971)
Belgian State Prize for Literature (1973)
Belgian State Prize for Literature (1979)
Constantijn Huygens-Prize (1984)
Belgian State Prize for Literature (1986)
VSB Poetry Prize (1994)
Royal Prize of Dutch Literature 1986/1996)
Prize for European Poetry (2001)
Book Prize for European Communication (2003)
Links
The Clauscentrum at the University of Antwerp is a research centre on the works of Hugo Claus. The website includes articles in several languages on Claus and a complete bibliography of Claus’ works in Dutch and in translation (In Dutch).
De Bezige Bij, the publisher of Hugo Claus for over fifty years, has an interesting website with an overview of all the poets in their catalogue. The website includes audio and video files and images of all the poetry books (In Dutch).
Hugo Claus on Lyrikline (In English).
Translator Paul Vincent looks back at the life and works of Hugo Claus (In English).